The point of volatility targeting

December 30, 2017

Volatility targeting adjusts the leverage of a portfolio inversely to predicted volatility. Since market volatility is predictable in the short run and returns are not this adjustment typically improves conventional risk-adjusted return measures, such as the Sharpe ratio. An empirical analysis for the U.S. equity market over the past 90 years confirms this point but suggests that the real key benefit of volatility targeting is the reduction of outsized drawdowns in extreme market situations. That is because large cumulative losses mostly occur when market volatility remains high for long. On these occasions volatility targeting has benefits somewhat similar to a momentum strategy, selling risk early into market turmoil, thereby positioning for escalation.

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Gold: risk premium and expected return

December 23, 2017

An empirical paper suggests that the risk premium and excess return on gold have been time-varying and predictable, also out-of-sample. The key predictors have been the variance risk premium and the jump risk premium of gold. Gold has historically also served as a hedge and “safe haven” for equity and bond investments, but this could not have been expected based on forecasting models. Common sense suggests that the hedge value of gold depends on the dominant market shock. For example, gold hedges against inflationary policies but not against rising real interest rates.

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The correlation of equity and bond returns

December 16, 2017

History shows that the correlation of equity and bond returns has been either positive or negative for prolonged periods of time. Monetary policy has played a key role for the direction of equity-bond correlation. In periods of restrictive monetary policy the correlation has been positive. In periods of low inflation and accommodative monetary policy the equity-bond correlation has been negative. The latter regime has predominated since the late 1990s and is critical for performance and sustainability of risk-parity trading strategies.

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The downside variance risk premium

December 9, 2017

The variance risk premium of an asset is the difference between options-implied and actual expected return variation. It can be viewed as a price for hedging against variation in volatility. However, attitudes towards volatility are asymmetric: large upside moves are fine while large downside moves are scary. A measure of aversion to negative volatility is the downside variance risk premium, the difference between options-implied and actual expected downside variation of returns. It is this downside volatility risk that investors want to protect against and whose hedging price is a valid and apparently robust indicator of future returns. Similarly, the skewness risk premium, the difference between upside and downside variance risk premia, is also a powerful predictor of markets.

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The 1×1 of risk perception measures

December 1, 2017

There are two reasons why macro traders watch risk perceptions. First, sudden spikes often trigger subsequent flows and macroeconomic change. Second, implausibly high or low values indicate risk premium opportunities or setback risks. Key types of risk and uncertainty measures include [1] keyword-based newspaper article counts that measure policy and geopolitical uncertainty, [2] survey-based economic forecast discrepancies, [3] asset price-based measures of fear and uncertainty and [4] derivatives-implied cost of hedging against directional risk and price volatility.

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Monetary policy stance in one indicator

November 25, 2017

New research proposes to condense policy rates and balance sheet actions into a single implied short-term interest rate. To this end the term premium component of the yield curve is estimated and its compression translated into an equivalent change in short-term interest rates. This implied short-term rate can be deeply negative and allows calculating long time series of the monetary policy stance including times before and after quantitative easing. It is only suitable for large currency areas, however. Indicators of smaller open economies should include the exchange rate as well, as part of an overall monetary conditions index.

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The consequences of increased financial collateralization

November 18, 2017

There has been a strong upward trend in collateralization since the great financial crisis. Suitable collateral, such as government bonds, is essential for financial transactions, particularly repurchase agreements and derivative contracts. Increased collateralization poses new risks. Collateral prices and haircuts are pro-cyclical, which means that collateralized transactions flourish when assets values rise and slump when asset values decline. This creates links between leverage, asset prices, hedging costs and liquidity across many markets. Trends are mutually reinforcing and can escalate into fire sales and market paralysis. Central clearing cannot eliminate this escalation risk. The collateral policies of central banks have become more important.

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Passive investment vehicles and price distortions

November 11, 2017

The share of passive investment vehicles in financial markets has soared over the past 20 years. In the U.S. equity market it has risen from 12% to 46%. There is reason and evidence suggesting that this will lead to more market price distortions. First, index effects on prices have gained importance relative to other price factors. Second, there has been a reduction of differentials across equity returns within indices. And third, the rise in passive investment vehicles has coincided with the expansion of momentum strategies in active funds, giving rise to vast flows that all explicitly neglect fundamental value.

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The predictability of relative asset returns

November 4, 2017

Empirical research suggests that it is easier to predict relative returns within an asset class than to predict absolute returns. Also, out-of-sample value generation with standard factors has been more robust for relative positions than for outright directional positions. This has been shown for bond, equity and currency markets. Importantly, directional and relative predictability have been complementary sources of investment returns, suggesting that using both will produce best performance.

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Fixed income relative value

October 28, 2017

Relative value can be defined as expected price convergence of contracts or portfolios with similar risk profiles. For fixed income this means similar exposure to duration, convexity and credit risk. The causes of relative value are limited arbitrage capital and aversion to the risk of persistent divergence. Relative value in the fixed income space has been pervasive and persistent. Relative value trades can be based on parametric estimation of yield curves or comparisons of individual contracts with portfolios that replicate their essential features. The latter appear to have been more profitable in the past.

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Macrosynergy is a London based macroeconomic research and technology company whose founders have developed and employed macro quantamental investment strategies in liquid, tradable asset classes, across many markets and for a variety of different factors to generate competitive, uncorrelated investment returns for institutional investors for two decades. Our quantitative-fundamental (quantamental) computing system tracks a broad range of real-time macroeconomic trends in developed and emerging countries, transforming them into macro systematic quantamental investment strategies. In June 2020 Macrosynergy and J.P. Morgan started a collaboration to scale the quantamental system and to popularize tradable economics across financial markets.

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