Watching U.S. financial conditions

April 15, 2017

The U.S. financial system wields dominant influence over the national and global economies. Moreover, securities and derivatives markets play a greater role relative to banks and compared to other developed countries. Medium-term shifts in financial conditions, rather than short-term changes, should be consequential for economic growth and monetary policy. Therefore, a timely and consistent measurement of U.S. financial conditions is crucial for macro trading strategies. A broad econometric measure of U.S. financial conditions based on risk, liquidity and leverage is produced and regularly updated by the Chicago Fed.

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Measuring non-conventional monetary policy surprises

March 18, 2017

A new paper proposes a measure for monetary policy surprises that arise from asset purchases and forward guidance. The idea is to estimate the change in the first principal component of government bond yields at different maturities to the extent that it is independent of changes in the policy reference rate and on days of significant policy statements. Such identified non-conventional policy shocks have had a persistent impact on yield curves and exchange rates since 2000. Their monitoring is important for so-called “long-long” risk parity trades.

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Policy rates and equity returns: the “slope factor”

November 26, 2016

A long-term empirical analysis suggests that faster expected monetary policy tightening in future months leads equity market underperformance. The predictive factor can be modelled as a change in the slope in future implied future policy rates. It has had a meaningful and consistent effect on weekly U.S. equity returns for more than 25 years. Faster future policy tightening can mean either that the central bank has become more hawkish or that it has acted dovishly but thereby fallen behind the curve.

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What made FOMC members hawkish or dovish?

September 14, 2016

An empirical analysis based on transcripts of the U.S. Federal Open Market Committee from 1994 to 2008 suggests that differences in committee members’ policy differences can partly be explained by differences in regional data, particularly unemployment rates. Also, personal background may play some role: FOMC members with experience in the non-financial private and public sectors have historically been more dovish.

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Fed policy shocks and foreign currency risk premia

August 5, 2016

A new Federal Reserve paper suggests that non-conventional monetary policy easing “shocks” not only push foreign currencies higher versus the U.S. dollar, but also reduce the risk premia on foreign-currency cash and bonds. Non-conventional easing shifts the options-implied skewness of risk from dollar appreciation to depreciation, due partly to diminishing U.S. dollar funding pressure. The effects appear to be temporary, though.

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The side-effects of non-conventional monetary policy

July 30, 2016

A BIS summary of research gives a nice overview on non-conventional monetary policies and their unintended systemic consequences. Current policies appear to yield diminishing returns in terms of easier financial conditions, while their costs and side effects are increasing. This leaves markets more exposed to future negative shocks. Also, the descent into negative nominal interest rates is itself a drag on profitability and health of the financial system that erodes the effectiveness of non-conventional policies.

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“Helicopter money”: A practical guide for markets

June 11, 2016

If current non-conventional monetary policies fail to contain deflation risk, some form of debt monetization or “helicopter money” will become a policy option. The barriers are high but not insurmountable in the G3. Policies could range from a simple combination of QE and fiscal expansion to outright central bank funding or debt restructuring. If and when monetization of government debt becomes apparent the consequences for financial markets would be profound: the policy response to deflation risk would no longer drive bond yields lower but higher.

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U.S. natural interest rate stuck at 0%: evidence and consequences

March 12, 2016

Federal Reserve research supports the view that the natural rate of interest in the U.S. has not recovered from its plunge to an unprecedented historical low of close to zero after the great recession. This bodes for protracted problems with the zero lower bound emphasizing the ongoing importance of asset purchases and other non-conventional policy options for central bank credibility.

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Understanding “liftoff”: how Fed policy tightening would actually work

July 25, 2015

A new “primer” explains how the Fed would tighten policy under current “superabundant liquidity”. Similar to the past, the focus would be on the fed funds rate, not the balance sheet. Unlike in the past, the fed funds target would be a range and pursued by setting in the interest rate on excess reserves (cap) and conducting reverse repo operations (floor).

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Setback risks for international USD lending

July 4, 2015

The BIS annual report emphasizes the dollar’s pervasive influence on international financial conditions. Post-crisis non-conventional Fed easing has spurred a global credit expansion, including economies that did not need it. Conversely, Fed tightening would reverse easy financing on a global scale, including countries that are ill prepared for it. FX depreciation is unlikely to insulate small and emerging economies from credit tightening.

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Macrosynergy is a London based macroeconomic research and technology company whose founders have developed and employed macro quantamental investment strategies in liquid, tradable asset classes, across many markets and for a variety of different factors to generate competitive, uncorrelated investment returns for institutional investors for over eighteen years. Our quantitative-fundamental (quantamental) computing system tracks a broad range of real-time macroeconomic trends in developed and emerging countries, transforming them into macro systematic quantamental investment strategies. In June 2020 Macrosynergy and J.P. Morgan started a collaboration to scale the quantamental system and to popularize tradable economics across financial markets.

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